O presente artigo pretende discorrer sobre o conceito de natureza possibilitado pela ontologia de Heidegger, que busca no pensamento grego seu sentido mais originário, e a crítica do filósofo ao conceito proporcionado pela metafísica clássica que teria provocado distopias na relação entre o homem e a natureza ao objetivá-la. Tal relação de domínio, além de evidenciar a necessidade de uma reflexão sobre o antropocentrismo, também e, por consequência disso, desvela-se através da crise ambiental vivida hoje por nós. Dessa forma, Heidegger (...) encontra tal sentido originário na palavra physis, o qual discuto nas páginas seguintes suas nuances a partir do que foi levantado pela obra do filósofo. Busca-se assim encontrar um sentido autêntico de natureza, antes do que foi assimilado pela tradição metafísica e desencoberto pelo ser humano como uma reserva ao seu dispor. (shrink)

Resumo:A reflexão de Nietzsche acerca do conhecimento é inseparável do contexto positivista das universidades alemães na segunda metade do século XIX. Deste modo, Nietzsche assimila uma forte tendência naturalista, que lhe fornece argumentos contra a interpretação metafísico-racionalista do conhecimento. O presente artigo visa a analisar aspectos do desdobramento desses pressupostos no que diz respeito à consideração do conhecimento efetuada por ele, que o afastam tanto do idealismo como do reducionismo naturalista.:Nietzsche's reflection about knowledge is inseparable from the positivist context of (...) German universities in the second half of the nineteenth century. Nietzsche assimilates from it a strong naturalistic tendency, which gives him arguments against the metaphysical-rationalist interpretation of knowledge. This article aims to analyze aspects of these assumptions with regard to his consideration of knowledge, that keeps him away from idealism to the naturalist reductionism. (shrink)

A chegada e o estabelecimento da reflexão filosófica europeia no Brasil são indissociáveis do aristotelismo português trazido pelos jesuítas desde sua chegada ao então território colonial em 1549. A compreensão de determinados aspectos relacionados a este acontecimento não deve implicar na proposição de um fator determinista para a interpretação do modo como a filosofia é multiplamente tratada e pesquisada no país, mas certamente consiste em um fator imprescindível para a sua consideração. A argumentação a seguir visa indicar alguns aspectos ainda (...) presentes na forma segundo a qual a filosofia ainda é pensada entre nós. (shrink)

Although the few references to the term, Nietzsche's notion of perspectivism is an important assumption of his philosophical reflection. It is a notion, as it will be tried to demonstrate, significant for the understanding of many theoretical positions of the author concerning science and knowledge and decisively for the interpretation of both notions as interpretative perspectives The following argument aims to analyze the influences and assumptions of this notion, highlighting its Kantian (Neokantian), Schopenhaurian background, but also considering influences outside of (...) philosophy, such as Ruggero Boscovich's theoretical physics, which plays a decisive role in the formulation of the notions of perspectivism and perspectivist interpretation in Nietzsche's philosophy. (shrink)

Dos textos originais, que possibilitaram as traduções que se seguem, o primeiro compõe o volume 3, número 2, da revista Archiv Für Rechts- Und Wirtschaftsphilosophie, abreviada por ARWP6, publicado em dezembro de 1909. O segundo, por sua vez, é fruto de uma conferência de abertura ministrada por Fritz Berolzheimer na ocasião do III Kongress der Internationalen Vereinigung für Rechts- und Wirtschaftsphilosophie, realizado entre os dias 02 e 05 de junho de 1914 na Akademie für Sozial- und Handelswissenschaften em Frankfurt am (...) Main. A abertura do congresso realizada por Berolzheimer, assim como outras conferências proferidas ao longo do mesmo, foi publicada em Stuttgart pela Franz Steiner Verlag no mês seguinte à realização do congresso, isto é, em julho de 1914 no volume 7, número 4, da ARWP. (shrink)

Starting from the analysis of a phenomenological reading of the parable of the Good Samaritan and arriving at the idea of the World Person in Chiara Lubich, this article will discuss two topics: union in difference and the model of the neighbor in the Gospel. For Christians this is the confirmation that the meeting with the stranger is possible. Christ founded a community that co-exists with the stranger. It is within this path that the intuition the figure of the World (...) Person in Chiara Lubich arises. In the tension between interpretation and Truth, Lubich puts the question: was there anyone that went through the trial of doubt about the Truth, but has been able to create a new world? She says that was Jesus Forsaken, who opens up the possibility of differentiation without exclusion. (shrink)

This study aimed to evaluate the food production and then act to increase the quality and security of a service, in order to meet the requirements for qualification HAPPC, using good manufacturing procedures as starting point for implementation. It is characterized as an intervention study, emphasizing the quality of foods and the use of good manufacturing procedures at the foodservice and nutrition units, located in Botucatu-SP. It was composed of 2 moments. In the first, we applied a check-list for ascertainment (...) of non-conformity and in the second moment a training “in loco” was given for the collaborators. The lack of hygienic cleaning of hands is seen as an important negative point. We verified that the biggest difficulties and irregularities are related to the manipulators which don´t follow the rules. Good manufacturing procedures were obtained to increase the quality and the security of foods in the unit, but these must be kept constantly adjusted to the standards. (shrink)

O objetivo do presente artigo é discutir os vínculos existentes entre a teoria humeana e o Utilitarismo. Nesse contexto, mencionando a divergência existente entre os comentadores de Hume a respeito de seu lugar diante do Utilitarismo, conclui-se que, embora o caráter descritivo de fato predomine na teoria humeana, ela não é inteiramente desprovida de pretensão prescritiva. Será ainda necessário discutir em que consiste essa pretensão, isto é, o que ela busca prescrever.

This paper puts forward an interpretation of Hume's work which suggests a new means of refuting contractualism. This interpretation differs from the 'official' refutation, in that it is based on a concept of artifice which is significantly different from the concept of artifice propounded by the contractualists. This difference is not generally noticed in traditional commentary on Humean political philosophy when it deals with the refutation of contractualism.

Trata-se de uma tradução do texto Künstler und Psychoanalyse de Hermann Hesse, incluso no Almanach der Psychoanalyse, que foi publicado pela Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag de Wien em 1926.

We propose a special look at new epistemological possibilities in constructing knowledge to fill the gap between theory development and its practical and societal applications. We turn our attention to the strategy field of studies, which is traditionally positivist, but that also accommodates some timid attempts to produce content from other onto-epistemological bases, such as strategy as practice. Then, we explore the possible interchange between strategy as practice and the Epistemologies of the South. Once strategy as practice is based on (...) practice rationality, which conceives social life as continuous production, it allows considering a wider diversity of social experiences surrounding strategic management. Likewise, the Epistemologies of the South represent a processual approach, which considers the social realities of developing countries and allows the inclusion of marginalized voices in social sciences' theorizing movements. We develop a conceptual-methodological guide for researchers to reflect on the possible ways to systematically rescue pieces of many social experiences forgotten by normal science, promoting cognitive and social justice in research, especially in the strategy field. Our proposal is a reflection about exploring what is not done, what is not practiced and make possible to expand the universe of social experiences considered for analysis in organizational and management studies. In doing so, we call the attention of scholars to start a paradigm shift from marginalization to the inclusion of multiple social realities toward cognitive and social democracy in research. (shrink)

Resenha do livro: MOREIRA ALMEIDA, Alexander; COSTA, Marianna Abreu; COELHO, Humberto Schubert. _Science of life after death. _Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2022. 96 f.

The objective of the text is to propose an interpretation of Hume's works that allows another way of refusing contractualism, different from the "official" refusal, and which is based (the new one) on the concept of artifice, which is extremely different from the artifice created by the contractualists, whose opposition the tradition of commentators of Humean political philosophy, generally, do not refer to, when it is the case of refusing contractualism.

Examinaremos como surge, na Kritik der Urteilskraft, a discussão acerca do belo como símbolo do bem moral, a saber: na Dialética da faculdade de julgar estética, na segunda divisão da Crítica da faculdade de julgar estética. Traçaremos paralelo entre a antinomia do gosto e sua resolução com a antinomia da razão prática, tal como apresentada na Kritik der praktischen Vernunft. Pretendemos mostrar como ambas fazem recurso à distinção entre fenômenos e coisas em si como fonte de sua resolução. Discutiremos, em (...) seguida, como Kant apresenta a necessidade de sensibilização de ideias estéticas, e como o simbolismo permite tal feito. Além disso, vincularemos tais passos da argumentação de Kant à defesa do idealismo da finalidade. (shrink)

A Crítica da faculdade de julgar foi recebida com entusiasmo pelos filósofos do idealismo alemão. No caso de Friedrich Schelling, as duas partes da obra foram influentes, de modo que não só a estética kantiana, mas também a teleologia foi marcante em sua trajetória filosófica. Observaremos como o filósofo de Leonberg acolhe, na Introdução às Ideias para uma filosofia da natureza, a noção kantiana de organismo como dotado de autocausalidade, mas pensa-a nos quadros de uma filosofia pós-kantiana, buscando prescindir das (...) noções de juízo reflexionante e também da ideia de “natureza como arte” para se pensar o organismo. Como Schelling vincula essa noção com a proposta de se pensar a unidade entre natureza e espírito a partir do próprio sujeito, e não de algo exterior a ele? Como Kant reagiria a tal proposta? The Critique of Judgment was enthusiastically received by the German Idealists. In the case of Friedrich Schelling, both divisions of the work were influent, thus resulting that not only Kantian aesthetics, but also the teleology was a landmark in his philosophical itinerary. We attempt to observe how the philosopher of Leonberg receives, in the Introduction to the Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature, the Kantian conception of organism as endowed with self-causality, but at the same time thinks it within the frame of a post-Kantian philosophy, leaving aside the reflective judgment and also the idea of nature as a product of art in order to think the organism. How does Schelling connect this notion with the proposal to think the unity between nature and spirit based on the own subject, and not on something external to it? How would Kant react to such a proposal? (shrink)

A finalidade explícita na arquitetura e ênfase na utilidade, no aspecto de uma aplicação prática, intrigou filósofos alemães como Immanuel Kant e August Schlegel. O entrelaçamento entre beleza e finalidade na arquitetura fora notado cedo por Marco Vitrúvio Polião, que aponta utilidade, solidez e beleza como características fundamentais da obra arquitetônica. Segundo Guyer, a partir de Kant, o pensamento filosófico sobre a arquitetura começa a apresentar um distanciamento em relação a Vitrúvio, de modo que, mesmo sem total renúncia à tríade (...) vitruviana no pensamento de Kant, este defende ser a característica principal da arquitetura representar ideias estéticas. A tese de Guyer aponta o desenvolvimento desse ponto de Kant em Schelling, Hegel e Schopenhauer, todavia com uma lacuna: August Schlegel, fundador do primeiro sistema de belas artes com sua Kunstlehre. Buscaremos aprofundar como a tese de Guyer não só é válida, mas ganha mais solidez no caso de August Schlegel e do papel que este confere à imaginação na arquitetura. Após a indicação de elementos vitruvianos e pós-vitruvianos em Kant e Schlegel, indicaremos as divergências entre ambos na apreciação da arquitetura, a partir de suas articulações entre arquitetura e finalidade. (shrink)

This paper aims to develop a brief analysis of spirituality in the Christian perspective from Luke 10.25-37, emphasizing the existing elective affinities between the notion of spirituality expressed in this narrative and the Ethics of Alterity in Emmanuel Levinas. The method used in this research is the literature review. For methodological reasons, this reflection was developed from the historical-critical exegetical process. The considerations found in this research line up to a prospect that the Other/Next assumes a vital place in the (...) spirituality of the Christian faith. Despite of the existing elective affinities between the Philosophy of Alterity and the Christian spirituality, the relationship between spirituality and ethics is a complex and essential drama for the search field of philosophy of religion. (shrink)

The more we rely on digital assistants, online search engines, and AI systems to revise our system of beliefs and increase our body of knowledge, the less we are able to resort to some independent criterion, unrelated to further digital tools, in order to asses the epistemic reliability of the outputs delivered by them. This raises some important questions to epistemology in general and pressing questions to applied to epistemology in particular. In this paper, we propose an experimental method for (...) the assessment of GPT-3’s capacity to generate consistent and coherent sets of outputs. When several outputs to one and the same input are very repetitive they tend to be consistent with each other, that is they do not contradict each other. But consistency does not make the set of outputs as a whole more informative than the outputs considered individually. We argue that the less informative a set of outputs is, the less coherent it is. We establish a conceptual distinction between consistency and coherence in the light of what some epistemologists refer to as a coherence theories of truth and justification. While much attention has been given to GPT-3’s capacity to produce internally coherent individual outputs, we argue, instead, that more attention should be given to its capacity to produce consistent and coherent outputs generated on a single-input-multiple-outputs basis. (shrink)

Maria Isabel Mendes de Almeida mergulhou na tarefa pesada de trabalhar a questão da subjetividade humana, elaborada de maneiras distintas por autores como Rousseau, Tocqueville, Simmel, Weber, Sérgio Buarque de Hollanda, Paulo Prado, Gilberto Freyre e Ant.

In this paper we examine some proposals to disprove the hypothesis that the interaction between mind and matter causes the collapse of the wave function, showing that such proposals are fundamentally flawed. We then describe a general experimental setup retaining the key features of the ones examined, and show that even a more general case is inadequate to disprove the mind-matter collapse hypothesis. Finally, we use our setup provided to argue that, under some reasonable assumptions about consciousness, such hypothesis is (...) unfalsifiable. (shrink)

A Crítica de Hume ao Argumento do Desígnio José Oscar de Almeida Marques Dep. de Filosofia – UNICAMP -/- RESUMO: É comum considerar que o chamado “argumento do desígnio” (o argumento a posteriori para provar a existência de Deus a partir da ordem e funcionalidade do mundo) teria sido refutado ou seriamente abalado por Hume. Mas a natureza e o alcance dessa alegada refutação são problemáticos, pois Hume muitas vezes expressou suas críticas através de seus personagens e evitou assumi-las (...) diretamente enquanto autor. Em vez de supor que Hume procedeu dessa forma apenas para disfarçar suas verdadeiras convicções e evitar um conflito com as autoridades eclesiásticas, proponho que sua posição nesse assunto não é tão categórica como às vezes se supõe, e que os famosos argumentos de Filo nos Diálogos mostram apenas que é possível que a ordem e funcionalidade do mundo tenham surgido sem a intervenção de um desígnio consciente, mas não podem por si sós dar a essa hipótese o mínimo grau de plausibilidade necessário para torná-la digna de uma séria consideração. De fato, antes da revolução explicativa operada por Darwin um século depois, ninguém estava realmente em condições de vislumbrar uma alternativa plausível à atuação de algum tipo de inteligência na geração da ordem e funcionalidade do mundo. ------------ Some Remarks on Hume’s Critique of the Argument from Design José Oscar of Almeida Marques Dep. of Philosophy - UNICAMP -/- ABSTRACT: The so-called “argument from design” (the a posteriori argument to prove the existence of God from the order and functionality of the world) is commonly considered to have been refuted or seriously impaired by Hume. But the nature and scope of this alleged refutation is problematic because Hume often expressed his critics through other characters’ mouth and avoided to assume them directly as author. Contrarily to the supposition that Hume proceeded in this way only to disguise his true convictions and to avoid a confrontation with the ecclesiastical authorities, I propose that his stance on the matter is not, in fact, as clear-cut as it is sometimes supposed, and that Philo’s famous arguments in the Dialogues show only that it is possible for the order and functionality of the world to have arisen without the intervention of an intelligent design, but cannot by themselves lend to this hypothesis the least degree of plausibility needed to make it worthy of serious consideration. In fact, before the explanatory revolution inaugurated by Darwin a century later, nobody was in position to envisage a plausible alternative to the operation of some sort or other of intelligence in the generation of the order and functionality of the world. (shrink)

Constellations, Volume 28, Issue 4, Page 511-521, December 2021.

This article develops a conceptual framework for regulating Artificial Intelligence (AI) that encompasses all stages of modern public policy-making, from the basics to a sustainable governance. Based on a vast systematic review of the literature on Artificial Intelligence Regulation (AIR) published between 2010 and 2020, a dispersed body of knowledge loosely centred around the “framework” concept was organised, described, and pictured for better understanding. The resulting integrative framework encapsulates 21 prior depictions of the policy-making process, aiming to achieve gold-standard societal (...) values, such as fairness, freedom and long-term sustainability. This challenge of integrating the AIR literature was matched by the identification of a structural common ground among different approaches. The AIR framework results from an effort to identify and later analytically deduce synthetic, and generic tool for a country-specific, stakeholder-aware analysis of AIR matters. Theories and principles as diverse as Agile and Ethics were combined in the “AIR framework”, which provides a conceptual lens for societies to think collectively and make informed policy decisions related to what, when, and how the uses and applications of AI should be regulated. Moreover, the AIR framework serves as a theoretically sound starting point for endeavours related to AI regulation, from legislation to research and development. As we know, the (potential) impacts of AI on society are immense, and therefore the discourses, social negotiations, and applications of this technology should be guided by common grounds based on contemporary governance techniques, and social values legitimated via dialogue and scientific research. (shrink)

On the basis of arguments showing that none of the most influential analyses of Moore’s paradox yields a successful resolution of the problem, a new analysis of it is offered. It is argued that, in attempting to render verdicts of either inconsistency or self-contradiction or self-refutation, those analyses have all failed to satisfactorily explain why a Moore-paradoxical proposition is such that it cannot be rationally believed. According to the proposed solution put forward here, a Moore-paradoxical proposition is one for which (...) the believer can have no non-overridden evidence. The arguments for this claim make use of some of Peter Klein’s views on epistemic defeasibility. It is further suggested that this proposal may have important meta-epistemological implications. (shrink)

For some of us, the defeasibility theory of knowledge remains the most plausible approach to the Gettier Problem. Epistemological fashion and faded memories notwithstanding, persuasive objections to the theory are very hard to find. The most impressive of those objections to the theory that have hitherto gone unanswered are examined and rejected here. These are objections put forward by Richard Feldman, Richard Foley, and John Turri. While these are all interesting, the objection recently put forward by Turri is, we think, (...) by far, the most serious threat to the theory that we have seen in a long time. A successful reply to it requires a surprising amount of care, as it turns out. If tenable, Turri's objection deals a devastating blow to the theory developed by Roderick Chisholm, Keith Lehrer, Peter Klein, Marshall Swain, Risto Hilpinen, John Pollock, and Paul Moser, among others. Under scrutiny, however, the threat proves illusory. It results from inattention to a crucial, but relatively subtle, aspect of.. (shrink)

O presente artigo objetiva analisar a existência de uma possível contradição entre a _morale par provision_ e o sistema filosófico cartesiano. Para tanto, primeiro analisaremos a imbricação entre a teoria metafísica e a teoria moral de Descartes, buscando situar o local da _morale_ em seu edifício filosófico. Neste primeiro momento, também tentaremos engendrar o problema aqui proposto, configurado a partir da pergunta: ao aderir ao uso da opinião em sua _morale_, Descartes não abriria margem para um possível paradoxo entre o (...) desenvolvimento de seu sistema de Filosofia e a sua _morale par provision?_ Depois, apresentaremos o conteúdo da _morale, _analisando separadamente cada uma das três máximas que a compõem. Isto feito, buscaremos evidenciar a natureza racional da moral cartesiana_. _Ao fim do trabalho, pretendemos dissipar o aparente paradoxo ao defender a tese de que o conteúdo das três máximas da _morale par provision_ (moderação, resolução e felicidade) conferem a ela uma natureza racional, o que torna justificado o uso de opiniões, que, mesmo sem possuir um valor de clareza, distinção e evidência, ainda assim são úteis para o desenvolvimento da investigação filosófica, o que coloca a _morale_ na condição de ser um fator imprescindível ao desenvolvimento da filosofia cartesiana. (shrink)

On the basis of arguments showing that none of the most influential analyses of Moore's paradox yields a successful resolution of the problem, a new analysis of it is offered. It is argued that, in attempting to render verdicts of either inconsistency or self‐contradiction or self‐refutation, those analyses have all failed to satisfactorily explain why a Moore‐paradoxical proposition is such that it cannot be rationally believed. According to the proposed solution put forward here, a Moore‐paradoxical proposition is one for which (...) the believer can have no non‐overridden evidence. the arguments for this claim make use of some of Peter Klein's views on epistemic defeasibility. It is further suggested that this proposal may have important meta‐epistemological implications. (shrink)

On the basis of arguments showing that none of the most influential analyses of Moore's paradox yields a successful resolution of the problem, a new analysis of it is offered. It is argued that, in attempting to render verdicts of either inconsistency or self‐contradiction or self‐refutation, those analyses have all failed to satisfactorily explain why a Moore‐paradoxical proposition is such that it cannot be rationally believed. According to the proposed solution put forward here, a Moore‐paradoxical proposition is one for which (...) the believer can have no non‐overridden evidence. the arguments for this claim make use of some of Peter Klein's views on epistemic defeasibility. It is further suggested that this proposal may have important meta‐epistemological implications. (shrink)

Como é possível extrair filosofia de um texto de quatro ou cinco páginas, arbitrariamente montado ao longo de mil anos de citações na Antiguidade, cujo tamanho original se desconhece, e suas partes, precariamente conectadas, juntam-se a partir de critérios e suposições tardias? Normalmente, nem se quer refletimos sobre questões desse tipo quando tratamos de estudar o pensamento de um autor, pois é comum que o estudo de um filósofo não passe pela história da obra em questão, quando e de que (...) forma ocorreu a transmissão do texto ao longo da história. No presente artigo, teceremos algumas considerações importantes que leitor não familiarizado com o Poema de Parmênides tem de ter para que evite cair em armadilhas e reproduza dogmaticamente interpretações convencionalmente estabelecidas. (shrink)

Those of us who have followed Fred Dretske’s lead with regard to epistemic closure and its impact on skepticism have been half-wrong for the last four decades. But those who have opposed our Dretskean stance, contextualists in particular, have been just wrong. We have been half-right. Dretske rightly claimed that epistemic status is not closed under logical implication. Unlike the Dretskean cases, the new counterexamples to closure offered here render every form of contextualist pro-closure maneuvering useless. But there is a (...) way of going wrong under Dretske’s lead. As the paper argues, Cartesian skepticism thrives on closure failure in a way that is yet to be acknowledged in the literature. The skeptic can make do with principles which are weaker than the familiar closure principles. But I will further claim that this is only a momentary reprieve for the skeptic. As it turns out, one of the weaker principles on which a skeptical modus tollens must rest can be shown false. (shrink)